Next Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial Military and Space Applications Book, Author: Asu R Jha

Next-Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications

Published:

June 05, 2012 by CRC Press - 416 Pages

Author(s):

A.R. Jha, Private Consultant, Cerritos, California, USA

 

Features

• Describes next-generation primary and secondary (rechargeable) batteries in both large and small format
• Presents cutting-edge battery design techniques, backed by mathematical expressions and derivations wherever possible
• Supplies an authoritative account of emerging application requirements for small, lightweight, high-reliability rechargeable batteries
• Considers hybrid battery/fuel cell systems that are emerging as complements to consumer electronics batteries
• Provides a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics

Summary

Distilling complex theoretical physical concepts into an understandable technical framework, Next-Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications describes primary and secondary (rechargeable) batteries for various commercial, military, spacecraft, and satellite applications for covert communications, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. It emphasizes the cost, reliability, longevity, and safety of the next generation of high-capacity batteries for applications where high energy density, minimum weight and size, and reliability in harsh conditions are the principal performance requirements.
Presenting cutting-edge battery design techniques backed by mathematical expressions and derivations wherever possible, the book supplies an authoritative account of emerging application requirements for small, lightweight, high-reliability rechargeable batteries—particularly for portable and implantable medical devices and diagnostic capsules. It devotes a chapter to fuel cells and describes the three distinct types of practical fuel cells, including those that use aqueous electrolytes, molten electrolytes, and solid electrolytes.

• Identifies critical performance parameters and limits of rechargeable batteries, including state of charge, depth of discharge, cycle life, discharge rate, and open-circuit voltage
• Provides a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics
• Highlights performance capabilities of long-life, low-cost, rechargeable batteries, for particular applications in battlefield systems and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs )




Table of Contents


Current Status of Rechargeable Batteries and Fuel Cells Rechargeable Batteries
Fundamental Aspects of a Rechargeable Battery
Critical Performance Characteristics of Rechargeable Batteries
Capabilities of Widely Used Rechargeable Batteries in Commercial Applications
Recycling of Batteries
Toxicity of Materials Used in the Manufacture of Rechargeable Batteries
Safe Toxicity Limits for Workers
Three Main Characteristics of a Rechargeable Battery
Cost-Effective Justification for the Deployment of a Specific Rechargeable Battery for a Specified Application
Techniques to Improve Battery Performance in Terms of Weight and Cost
Why Use Pb-Acid Batteries for Automobiles?
Description of Flow Batteries
Rechargeable Batteries Irrespective of Power Capability
Rechargeable Batteries for Low- and Moderate-Power Applications
Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial and Military Applications
High-Power Batteries for Commercial Applications
Critical Role of Ni-Cd in Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft
Benefits of Ni-MH Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft
Impact of Temperature on Discharge Capacity of Ni-MH Batteries
Charging Procedure for a Ni-MH Battery
Degradation Factors in Ni-MH Battery Performance
Thermal Batteries for Aerospace and Defense Applications
Batteries for Space Applications
Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial Applications
Ni-Zn Batteries for Commercial Applications
Rechargeable Battery Requirements for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Test Requirements for Rechargeable Batteries Needed for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Predicting the Battery Life of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Performance Capabilities of Batteries Currently Used for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Batteries for Low-Power Applications
Batteries Using Th in-Film and Nanotechnologies
TF Microbatteries
Charge-Discharge Cycles and Charging Time of Low-Power Batteries
Structural Configuration for Low-Power Batteries
Most Popular Materials Used for Low-Power Batteries
Low-Power Standard Cells
Miniature Primary Batteries
Low-Power Batteries Using Nanotechnology
Paper Batteries Using Nanotechnology
Fuel Cells
Description of the Most Popular Fuel Cell Types and Their Configurations
Types of Fuel Cells
Conclusion
References



Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites Introduction
Onboard Electrical Power System
Electrical Power-Bus Design Configuration
Solar-Array Panels
Solar Panel Performance Requirements to Charge the Space-Based Batteries
Battery Power Requirements and Associated Critical Components
Solar-Array Performance Requirements
Electrical Power Requirements from the Solar Arrays during Dark Periods
Solar Panel Orientation Requirements to Achieve Optimum Power from the Sun
Solar-Array Configurations Best Suited for Spacecraft or Communications Satellite
Direct Energy Transfer System
Cost-Effective Design Criterion for Battery-Type Power Systems for Spacecraft
Method of Comparison for Optimum Selection of Power System for a Spacecraft
Step-byStep Approach for Power System Performance
Modeling Requirements to Determine I-V Characteristics
Impact on Battery Electrical Parameters from Onboard Charging and Discharging
Spacecraft Power System Reliability
Failure Rates for Various System Components
Failure Rate Estimation
Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using CC and PWM Regulator Techniques
Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using DET System, CC, and Battery Booster Techniques
Weight and Cost Penalties Associated with Redundant Systems
Total System Weight and Cost as a Function of Mission Length
Reliability Degradation with the Increase in Mission Duration
Increase in Weight and Cost due to Redundant Systems
Ideal Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites
Typical Power Requirements for Space-Based Batteries
Aging Eff ect Critical in Space-Based Batteries
Performance Capabilities and Battery Power Requirements for the Latest Commercial and Military Satellite Systems
Commercial Communication Satellite Systems
Performance Capabilities of the Commercial Communications Satellite Systems
Military Satellites for Communications, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Target Tracking
Military Communications Satellites and Their Capabilities
DSCS-III Communication Satellite System
Power Generation, Conditioning, and Storage Requirements
MILSATCOM System
European Communications Satellite System
Batteries Best Suited to Power Satellite Communications Satellites
Rechargeable Batteries Most Ideal for Communications Satellites
Performance Capabilities of Ni-Cd Rechargeable Batteries for Space Applications
Performance Parameters of Ni-H2 Batteries
Performance Capabilities of Ag-Zn Batteries
Space Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Conclusion
References



Fuel Cell Technology Introduction
Classifications of Fuel Cells
Aqueous Fuel Cell Using Specific Electrolyte
Fuel Cells Using Semisolid Electrolyte
Fuel Cells Using Molten Electrolyte
Classifications of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes
Performance Capabilities of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes
High-Temperature Fuel Cells with Semisolid Molten Electrolyte
Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Using Various Electrolytes
Performance of Low-Temperature and Low-Pressure Fuel Cells Using Aqueous Electrolyte
Output Power Capability of Aqueous Fuel Cells
Fuel Cells Using a Combination of Fuels
Performance of Liquid-Liquid Fuel Cell Design
Fuel Cell Designs for Multiple Applications
Fuel Cells for Electric Storage Battery Applications
DSK-Based Fuel Cells Using Hydrogen-Based DSK Electrodes and Operating under Harsh Conditions
Performance of DSK-Based Fuel Cells with Monolayer DSK Electrodes
Ion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Performance Specifications for IEM Fuel Cells and Batteries for Space Applications
Fuel Cells Using Low-Cost, Porous Silicon Substrate Materials
Hydrogen-Oxygen Power Fuel Cell Using Porous Silicon Structure
Fuel Cell Reactions and Thermodynamic Efficiencies
DMFC Devices Using a PEM Structure
Silicon-Based DMFC Fuel Cells
Potential Applications of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cells for Military and Space Applications
Fuel Cells for Battlefi eld Applications
Deployment of Fuel Cells in UAVs Acting as Electronic Drones Capable of Providing Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Gathering, and Missile Attack Capabilities
Why Fuel Cells for Counterinsurgency Applications?
Fuel Cells for Aircraft Applications
Performance Capabilities and Limitations of All-Electric Aircraft or Vehicles
Fuel Cells for Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications
Fuel Cells for Automobiles, Buses, and Scooters
Low-Cost, High-Efficiency, Low-Temperature H2-O2 Fuel Cells
Design Aspects and Performance Parameters of a Low-Cost, Moderate-Temperature Fuel Cell
Design Requirements for Cost-Effective Fuel Cells
Ideal Fuel Cells for the Average Homeowner
Design Requirements for Fuel Cells for Homeowners
Compact Fuel Cells for Cars, Scooters, and Motor Bikes
Fuel Cells for Portable Electric Power Systems
Fuel Cells Capable of Operating in Ultra-High-Temperature Environments
Types of Materials Used in Ultra-High-Temperature Fuel Cells
Solid Electrolyte Most Ideal for Fuel Cells Operating at Higher Temperatures (600–1,000°C)
Molten Electrolytes Offer Improved Efficiencies in High-Temperature Operations
Performance Capability of Porous Electrodes
Electrode Kinetics and Their Impact on High-Power Fuel Cell Performance
Polarization for Chemisorption-Desorption Rates
Fuel Cell Requirements for Electric Power Plant Applications
Performance Requirements of Fuel Cells for Power Plants
Summary
References



Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Introduction
Chronological Development History of Early Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Parameters
Electric-Based Transportation Means
Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Developed Earlier by Various Companies and Their Performance Specifications
ZAPTRUCK
ZAP ALIAS
Aptera Motors
Tesla Motors
Baker Motors
Development History of the Latest Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Types and Their Performance Capabilities and Limitations
GM Chevy Volt
Ford
Ford Focus
Ford Escape
Ford C-Max and Ford C-Max Energi
Nissan
Performance Requirements of Various Rechargeable Batteries
Battery Pack Energy Requirements
Battery Materials and Associated Costs
Materials for Rechargeable Batteries Deployed in EVs and EHVs
Impact of Road and Driving Conditions on Battery Charging Times and Costs
Materials for Rechargeable Batteries
Materials Requirements for Three Functional Components of the Li-Ion Battery
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Major Performance Characteristic of Li-Ion Batteries
Characteristic of Nickel-Metal-Hydride Rechargeable Batteries
Zinc-Air Rechargeable Fuel Cells for EVs and HEVs
Energy Density Levels for Various Rechargeable Batteries
Li-Ion Battery Pack Configuration
Some Unique Problems Associated with Li-Ion Battery Packs
Design Concept Incorporating the Smart Grid Technology
Charging-Load Impact on the Utility Gridlines
Typical Charging Rates for Rechargeable Battery Packs and Electrical Load
Materials and Their Properties Best Suited for Rechargeable Batteries
Major Material Costs for a 100 Ah High-Energy Rechargeable Battery Pack
Estimated Costs for Battery Packs Widely Used in All-Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Impact of Component Costs on the Procurement Cost of Battery Packs
Estimated Current and Future Component Costs
Material Cost Estimates
Critical Role of Rare Earth Materials in the Development of EVs and HEVs
Identification of Various Rare Earth Materials Used in EVs and HEVs
Impact of Future Rare Earth Materials on the Performance of EVs and HEVs
Costs Associated with Refining, Processing, and Quality Control Inspection of Rare Earth Materials
Conclusion
References



Low-Power Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial, Space, and Medical Applications Introduction
Low-Power Battery Configurations
Low-Power Batteries Using Cylindrical Configuration
Carbon-Zinc Primary Low-Power Batteries and Their Characteristics
Performance Capabilities and Limitations of Alkaline Manganese Batteries
History of Primary Lithium-Based Batteries and Their Performance Parameters
Nickel-Metal-Hydride, Nickel-Cadmium, and Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries
Peculiarities in Rechargeable Batteries
Design Considerations for Small Low-Power Rechargeable Batteries
Frequent Mathematical Expressions Used in the Design of Batteries
Contributing Factors to Battery Weight
Batteries for Miniaturized Electronic System Applications
Brief Description of Rechargeable Batteries Best Suited for Embedded-System Applications
Characteristics of an Alkaline Battery for a Simple Embedded-System Application
Performance Characteristics of a Battery Best Suited for the Least Complex Embedded-System Application
Characteristics of a Battery Best Suited for the Most Complex Embedded-System Application
Battery Suitability and Unique Performance Requirements for Aerospace Applications
Potential Applications of Lithium, Alkaline, and Zinc-Air Batteries
Batteries for Medical Applications
Recently Developed Batteries for Specific Medical Applications
Performance Characteristics of Li-I2 Batteries
Microbattery and Smart Nanobattery Technologies Incorporating Lithium Metal for Medical and Military Applications
Smart Lithium-Ion Batteries
Low-Power Zinc-Air, Nickel-Metal-Hydride, and Nickel-Cadmium Rechargeable Batteries
Zinc-Air Rechargeable Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium Rechargeable Batteries
Nickel-Metal-Hydride Rechargeable Batteries
Selection Criteria for Primary and Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries for Specific Applications
How to Select a Battery for a Particular Application
Conclusion
References



Rechargeable Batteries for Military Applications Introduction
Potential Battery Types for Various Military System Applications
Aluminum-Air Rechargeable Batteries for Military Applications
Description of Key Elements of These Batteries
Performance Capabilities, Limitations, and Uses of Saline Batteries
Performance Capabilities and Uses of Alkaline Batteries
Bipolar Silver-Metal-Hydride Batteries for Military Applications
Rechargeable Silver-Zinc Batteries for Military Applications
Low-Power Batteries for Various Applications
Thin-Film Microbatteries Using MEMS Technology
Microbatteries Using Nanotechnology Concepts
Critical Design Aspects and Performance Requirements for Thin-Film Microbatteries
High-Power Lithium and Thermal Batteries for Military Applications
Materials Requirements for Cathode, Anode, and Electrolyte Best Suited for High-Power Batteries
Cathode Materials and Their Chemistries
Anode Materials and Their Chemistries
Electrolytes and Their Chemistries
Design Requirements for Thermal Batteries for Specific Applications
Design Requirements for TB1 Battery Systems
Design Requirements for TB2 Battery Systems
Environmental Requirements for Thermal Battery Systems
Structural Description of the Batteries and Their Physical Parameters
Actual Values of Performance Parameters Obtained through Laboratory Testing
Conclusive Remarks on Th ermal Battery Systems
High-Power Rechargeable Batteries for Underwater Vehicles
Performance Capability and Design Aspects of Li-SO2Cl2 Battery Systems
Characteristics of Electrolytes Required to Achieve Improvements in Electrochemistry
Effects of Thermal Characteristics on the Flowing Electrolyte
Output Power Variations as a Function of Discharge Duration in Volta Stack Batteries Using Flowing Electrolytes
Impact of Temperature and DOD on the Thermal Conductivity and the Specific Heat of the Electrolytes Used in Thermal Batteries
Impact of Discharge Duration on the Battery Power Output
Electrolyte Conductivity and Optimization of Electrolyte
High-Power Battery Systems Capable of Providing Electrical Energy in Case of Commercial Power Plant Shutdown over a Long Duration
What Is a Vanadium-Based Redox Battery?
Potential Applications of Vanadium-Based Redox Batteries
Structural Details and Operating Principles of Vanadium-Based Redox Batteries
Batteries Best Suited for Drones and Unmanned Air Vehicles
Battery Power Requirements for Electronic Drones
Battery Requirements for UAVs
Batteries for Countering Improvised Explosive Devices
History of Property Damage and Bodily Injury to Soldiers
Anti-IED Techniques to Minimize Property Damage and Injury to Soldiers
Battery Performance Requirements for Dismounted Anti-IED Systems
Conclusion
References



Batteries and Fuel Cells for Aerospace and Satellite System Applications Introduction
Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries for Commercial and Military Applications
Optimum Charge, Discharge, and Storage Conditions for Lead-Acid Batteries
Pros, Cons, and Major Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries
Life Cycle of SLABs for Aircraft Applications
Effect of Depth of Discharge on Life Cycle of the Lead-Acid Battery
Aluminum-Air Batteries for Aerospace Applications
Performance Capabilities and Limitations of Al-Air Batteries
Impact of Corrosion on Al-Air Battery Performance as a Function of Anode Current Density
Outstanding Characteristics and Potential Applications of Al-Air Rechargeable Battery Systems
Long-Life, Low-Cost, Rechargeable Silver-Zinc Batteries Best Suited for Aerospace and Aircraft Applications
Vented Secondary Batteries Best Suited for Aircraft and Aerospace Applications
Typical Self-Discharge Characteristics of an Ag-Zn Battery
Safety, Reliability, and Disposal Requirements for Ag-Zn Batteries
Typical Battery Voltage Level and Cycle Life
SLABs for Commercial and Military Aircraft Applications
Performance Aspects of SLABs
Performance of the EaglePicher Battery Ultralife UB1-2590
SLAB from EaglePicher for Commercial Applications
Test Procedures and Conditions for SLABs
Impact of Charge Rate and Depth of Discharge on the Cycle Life of SLABs
Life-Cycle Test Conditions
Thermal Battery for Aircraft Emergency Power and Low-Earth-Orbiting Spacecraft
Performance Capabilities of LiAl/FeS2 Thermal Batteries
Rechargeable Batteries for Naval Weapon System Applications
Performance Characteristics of Li-SOCL2 Batteries
Thermal Battery Design Confi gurations and Requirements for Launch Vehicle Applications
Design Aspects and Performance Capabilities of Advanced Thermal Batteries
Unique Performance Capabilities of Thermal Batteries
High-Temperature Lithium Rechargeable Battery Cells
Unique Performance Parameters and Design Aspects of Solid Electrolyte Cells
Solid Electrolyte Technology for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries
Critical Role of Solid Electrolytes
Improvement in Performance Parameters of Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
Impact of Lithium Chloride Oxide Salt Concentration in the Solution of Liquid Plasticizer on Room-Temperature Ionic Conductivity
Rechargeable Batteries for Electronic Drones and Various UAVs
Performance Requirements for Batteries Best Suited for Electronic Drone Applications
Rechargeable Battery Requirements for UAVs, Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, and MAVs
Rechargeable Batteries for Glider Applications
Rechargeable Batteries for Space-Based Military Systems and Satellite Communications
Rechargeable Battery Requirements for Military Space-Based Sensors Requiring Moderate Power Levels
High-Power Fuel Cells for Satellites with Specific Missions
Performance of the MSK Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell for Communications Satellite Applications
Classification of Fuel Cells Based on the Electrolytes
Performance Parameters of Fuel Cells Using Various Fuels and Their Typical Applications
Comparing Fuel Cell Parameters
Battery Sources for Spacecraft Applications
Application of the First Principle Model to Spacecraft Operations for Aging
Typical Performance Characteristics of the 40 Ah Sodium-Sulfur Battery Cell
Conclusion
References



Low-Power Batteries and Their ApplicationsIntroduction
Performance Capabilities of Lithium-Based Batteries for Low-Power Applications
Benefi ts of Solid Electrolytes in Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries
Total Conductivity of the Battery Material
Batteries for Low-Power Electronic Devices
Impact of Materials and Packaging Technology on Battery Performance
Glossary of Terms Used to Specify Battery Performance Parameters
Fabrication Aspects of Batteries for Low-Power Electronic Device Applications
Performance Capabilities and Limitations of Various Primary and Secondary Batteries for Low-Power Applications
Carbon-Zinc Primary Batteries
Alkaline-Manganese Batteries
Performance Capabilities of Primary Lithium Batteries
Lithium-Iodine Batteries
LiMnO2 Battery
Lithium-Carbon Fluoride Battery
Lithium-Sulfur-Dioxide Battery
Lithium-Thionyl-Chloride Battery
Lithium-Ferrous Sulfide (Li-FeS2) Battery
Conclusions on Lithium-Based Batteries
Applications of Small Rechargeable or Secondary Cells
Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries
Small Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries
S-Ni-Cd Rechargeable Batteries
Nickel-Metal-Hydride Rechargeable Batteries
Lithium-Polymer-Electrolyte Cells
Thin-Film Batteries, Microbatteries, and Nanobatteries
Structural Aspects and Performance Capabilities of Thin-Film Batteries
Thin-Film Metal-Oxide Electrodes for Lithium-Based Microbatteries
Performance Capabilities and Applications of Microbatteries
Electrical Performance Parameters of Nanobatteries
Applications of Nanomaterials, Carbon-Nanotubes, and Carbon-Nanotube Arrays in Development Batteries
Batteries for Health-Related Applications
Battery Requirements for Cardiac Rhythm–Detection Applications
Various Batteries Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases
Li-Ion Batteries Best Suited Primarily for Medical Devices Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases and to Detect Unknown Ailments
Li-I2 Batteries for Treating Cardiac Diseases
Li-AgVO2 Batteries for Treatment of Cardiac Diseases
Batteries for Critical Diagnostic Procedures
Batteries for the Total Artificial Heart
Major Benefi ts of Li-Ion Batteries Used for Various Medical Applications
Limitations of Li-Ion Batteries
Cell-Balancing Requirements for Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery Packs
Active-Balancing Technique
Conclusion

References

A.R. Jha, author of 10 books on alternative energy and other topics, outlines rechargeable battery requirements for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). He identifies the unique materials for electrolytes, cathodes, and anodes that are most cost-effective with significant improvements in weight, size, efficiency, reliability, safety, and longevity. Since electrode kinetics play a key role in the efficient operation of fuel cells, the book also provides you with a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics.

 

Author Bio(s)

A. R. Jha received his BS in engineering (electrical) from Aligarh Muslim University in 1954, his MS (electrical and mechanical) from Johns Hopkins University, and his PhD from Lehigh University.

Dr. Jha has authored 10 high-technology books and has published more than 75 technical papers. He has worked for companies such as General Electric, Raytheon, and Northrop Grumman and has extensive and comprehensive research, development, and design experience in the fi elds of radars, high-power lasers, electronic warfare systems, microwaves, and MM-wave antennas for various applications, nanotechnology-based sensors and devices, photonic devices, and other electronic components for commercial, military, and space applications. Dr. Jha holds a patent for MM-wave antennas in satellite communications.

Editorial Reviews

I strongly recommend this book to a broad audience, including students, project managers, aerospace engineers, life-science scientists, clinical scientists, and project engineers immersed in the design and development of compact, lightweight batteries best suited for industrial, commercial, military, and space applications.—Dr. A. K. Sinha, Senior Vice President, Applied Materials, Inc.
http://www.whitepages.com/name/A-Jha/Cerritos-CA/7gu2jse

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